3D Truss Models
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There is really very little engineering going on in this plugin, at least for now. Most of it is boolean algebra (conditional statements and a few loops) and a lot of geometry most of which can be solved with simple trigonometry. In a few cases I have to implement an iterative solution so convergence is sometimes an issue. The rest of it is simply manipulating the SketchUp API so that it produces the correct output, that is my Achilles heel.
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I may have opened Pandora's box with the addition of the WGC fink trusses. I've now had a couple of requests for cut list associated with these trusses. I don't think it would be that hard to generate an html output using SVG showing the various members and their dimensions. This can then be printed to a PDF document by the user.
Any thoughts on creating construction drawings this way. I am essentially bypassing SketchUp's Layout with an Html/SVG solution but perhaps there is a better way.
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If you're going that route be 100% sure the engineering is correct.
Personally, I think that is going tò far for general use, but may be fine for an engineering version.
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It's definitely not on top of the todo list but it is interesting how quickly there was a response and request for a cut list of construction drawings.
I agree if I'm to take it this far I will probably want to make sure the engineering is bullet proof, so the short answer for now is that it is probably not going to happen in the near future.
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I've had a request for an option that makes it so the plugin only draws the top and bottom chords and not the webs. I guess I could see a reason for this in some situations. I'm just wondering if there are any others who would be interested in this option.
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I've been thinking about site built trusses some more and trying to apply some rational thought to how best to nail together a WGC truss. If you consider nails in single shear, 8d nails spaced at 4" between fasteners with a row spacing of 1" and and end spacing of 1.5" you end up with something like this.
Those are 8d common nails so they aren't very big but spaced at 2" between nails in a row I would be afraid of splitting that bottom chord.
Looking at this I'm fairly convinced that going with longer nails that are in double shear and clinched give more bang for the buck, allow less nails and thereby less chance of splitting the truss members. Thoughts?
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Nailing from both sides is not reasonable in my opinion, there is no way to line up the nails easily from one side to the other, better to just nail from one side which bring me back to nails in double shear.
Using a 10d common nail (.148 x 3) and with 1/2" of protruding nail to clinch I get this layout:
with the backside looking something like this:
I probably don't need a 2.25" end distance (15D) on the plate edge toward the inside of the truss but I am using Table C11.1.6.6 from the NDS Commentary (NDS 2012).
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If you compare the capacity of a single shear and double shear connection in most cases you get double the capacity, see results for a 10D nail into DF and Structural 1 Plywood below:
So returning to our previous example we now have 2180.9lbs/176.3lbs = 12.4 => 13 fasteners in double shear, rather than 25 fasteners in single shear, a much more reasonable number of fasteners
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If we consider the peak joint as rigid (web joints are pin jointed), one can see that the moment at the peak is fairly substantial (145 ft-lbs):
Both the top chords are in compression and pushing against each other, so the member on member contact is transferring a significant amount of that compressive axial load.
To account for the component of the load that is not being transferred at this joint I can probably use the equation from the TPI 1 for MPC trusses:
Pc' = sqrt(P[sub:y7ifrpex]P[/sub:y7ifrpex][sup:y7ifrpex]2[/sup:y7ifrpex] + (P[sub:y7ifrpex]N[/sub:y7ifrpex] x C[sub:y7ifrpex]r[/sub:y7ifrpex])[sup:y7ifrpex]2[/sup:y7ifrpex] (Sec. 8.3.3.3)
where:
P[sub:y7ifrpex]c[/sub:y7ifrpex]' = Resultant compressive force used for determination of minimum required metal plate contact area (lbs)
C[sub:y7ifrpex]R[/sub:y7ifrpex] = Reduction factor for cmopression force component across the joint interface for metal connector plate design: 0≤CR≤1.0 (lbs)
P[sub:y7ifrpex]iN[/sub:y7ifrpex] = Compression force component of the wood member under investigation normal to the wood member interface (lbs)
P[sub:y7ifrpex]iP[/sub:y7ifrpex] = Compression force component of the wood member under investigation parallel to the wood member interface (lbs)With the resultant being:
CR = 0.5
Pi = F23 = 2021.83 lbs.
PiN = Picos(Φ) = 2021.8 x cos(18.43) = 1918.1 lbs.
PiP = Pisin(Φ) = 2021.8 x sin(18.43) = 639.4 lbs.θ = atan(PiP/PiN x CR) - Φ = atan(639.4/1918.1 x 0.5) - 18.43 = 15.3 deg. (angle between resultant compressive force and chord member)
Pc' = √(PiP)2 + (PiN x CR)2 = √(639.4)2 + (1918.1 x 0.5)2 = 1152.6 lbs. @ 15.3 deg.
I kind of get the logic behind this equation but I question where does the Cr (reduction factor) come from? and why a value of 0.5?
I'm also looking at the rather large moment at this joint between the two top chords and wondering how best to factor that in.
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To allow for these same moment effects at the heel of a truss the TPI stipulates a heel reduction factor H[sub:2y81ofvw]R[/sub:2y81ofvw] = 0.85 - 0.05(12tanθ -2.0) Sec. 8.3.2.2. I'm going to assume this is an empirical formula developed over years of testing and experience. However, for all non-heel joints this reduction factor is 1.0, which makes sense for an MPC truss but maybe not for a WGC truss, where moments at the joints are going to be larger due to the rigidity of the connection.
In the TPI 1-2014 commentary there is some good discussion on combined axial and moment loading scenarios. Equation E C8.7-1 approaches this problem by converting the moment into an equivalent tension force: Teq = 6M/d.
The logic behind this is to start with the bending stress and multiply it with the cross sectional area of the plates: (1) T[sub:2y81ofvw]eq[/sub:2y81ofvw] = f[sub:2y81ofvw]b[/sub:2y81ofvw] x 2dt
Where: f[sub:2y81ofvw]b[/sub:2y81ofvw] = M/s and S = 2(td[sup:2y81ofvw]2[/sup:2y81ofvw]/6)
Substituting into equation (1) yields the 6M/d expression.
The commentary notes that this method has proven to be conservative (which I like) in most situations however they have since supplanted it with a more complicated and accurate approach.
For analysis of the tensile capacity of the actual gusset plates (plywood or OSB), tension check, this addition of an equivalent tensile force seems to make sense to me.
T[sub:2y81ofvw]tot[/sub:2y81ofvw] = T[sub:2y81ofvw]axial[/sub:2y81ofvw] + T[sub:2y81ofvw]eq[/sub:2y81ofvw]
This is essentially the same as equation 3.9-1 in the NDS and can be written in this form:
The applied stress would then be: T/2td + 6M/2td[sup:2y81ofvw]2[/sup:2y81ofvw] which must be less than Ft' the allowable tensile stress of the plywood.
With the analysis of the fasteners (nails) one could probably use a simplified approach like this or a more complicated nail group analysis like I've used in calculating portal frames.
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With the nail group calculation knowing the number of required nails, row spacing, nail spacing in a row one can come up with a rectangular approximation of the area filled with this group of nails.
The force applied to the worst case nail would:
F[sub:10dybyec]nail[/sub:10dybyec] = M[sub:10dybyec]joint[/sub:10dybyec]S[sub:10dybyec]x[/sub:10dybyec]S[sub:10dybyec]y[/sub:10dybyec]r[sub:10dybyec]max[/sub:10dybyec]/J
Where the Polar Moment of the Nail Group is given by J = bh[sup:10dybyec]3[/sup:10dybyec]/12 + b[sup:10dybyec]3[/sup:10dybyec]h/12: b = r[sub:10dybyec]x[/sub:10dybyec] + s[sub:10dybyec]x[/sub:10dybyec], h = r[sub:10dybyec]y[/sub:10dybyec] + s[sub:10dybyec]y[/sub:10dybyec]
and
s[sub:10dybyec]x[/sub:10dybyec] = nail spacing in x-dir
s[sub:10dybyec]y[/sub:10dybyec] = nail spacing in y-dir
r[sub:10dybyec]max[/sub:10dybyec] = distance from centroid of rectangle to corner (furthest fastener)This won't be entirely accurate since the fasteners will probably not form a perfect rectangle but it should be reasonably close.
Then one can add this worst case nail force to the average force on the nails from an axial member load (conservative) and come up with the combined load on the worst case fastener.
This becomes an iterative process:
Step 1: Compute the number of fasteners for only the tensile load.
Step 2: Given the number of fasteners and fastener group geometry from Step 1 then calculate the load on the worst case fastener in the group.
Step 3: Add the value in Step 2 to average value from Step 1 and check against the allowable for the fastener. If it exceeds the allowable then add a fastener and repeat the computation of the average fastener load due to tensile load only and the load due to the moments, repeat until it passes.It's no wonder that the truss companies have all of this stuff programmed. Technically this needs to be done for each joint at each load case, since load reversals may turn a compression loaded joint into a tension joint and vice versa, and the moments will be different for each load case.
As you can see engineering a truss (WGC or MPC) is no trivial matter.
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I next want to turn my attention to mid-panel splices:
Nothing to exciting going on with this bottom chord splice, the splice will be loaded in tension with a moment, the same methods developed previously would apply.
In the case that the OSB or Plywood doesn't have enough strength for the combined axial + moment load then a vertical extension like what is shown could be improvised. This will not only increase the moment capacity of the gusset plate(s) but also the tensile strength. Note, that the number of fasteners into each bottom chord is not modified or decreased by the vertical extension of the gusset plate.
To be conservative I would not consider the 2x4 insert in the calculations of the updated tensile or moment strength of the gusset plate(s) even though it will contribute some unspecified amount. The filler block is primarily to secure the protruding gusset plates and to prevent them from buckling out-of-plane. To that end I don't feel that specifying the number of fasteners is overly critical. A reasonable amount of fasteners and some glue will create a cohesive unit.
In the case of top chord splice with the members being in compression the previous equation would dictate using a force that is 1/2 the compressive force, this would seem reasonably conservative but other load cases that could potentially load the splice in tension should also be investigated and compared. Again, any moments at the splice would also factor into the gusset plate sizing and fastener quantities.
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The member calcs for a WGC truss will be very similar to an mpc truss except that the matrix analysis model will have rigid joints instead of pin joints. This will introduce some minor bending into the internal webs but nothing significant since these member are not being loaded along their spans. The deflection of the truss should probably improve slightly with its higher rigidity.
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Spent some time Sunday night and yesterday evening working on the stepdown hip truss set. Given the shear number of trusses involved in one of the these assemblies I'm figuring it will be the rest of the week before I will see the light at the end of the tunnel, but progress is steady.
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The stepdown hip truss set is mostly finished. I probably have a couple more days of work setting up raised heels, internal web algorithms, and advanced options.
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Advanced options are now configured: fascia, sheathing, cladding, gypsum, ceiling battens.
Girder trusses can be single or double ply, I can add more plies if requested.
I've also added the option to use a drop-in purlin frame, see image and model below:
View model here:
https://3dwarehouse.sketchup.com/model/f313c80f-fbe0-4a45-a086-6914319f3b26/Medeek-Office-Hip-Roof
Items still needing attention:
- Error check in metric mode.
- Internal webs for hip trusses
- Internal web algorithm for end and hip jack trusses.
- Raised heels
- Enable soffit cut for jack trusses and hip trusses.
- Enable plates for hip, jack and drop-in purlin.
- Setup the half-a-hip option (one end is a gable end).
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The complexity of the hip truss sets makes them a bit of pain to program but when its all said and done it is a thing of beauty.
Once I have the stepdown hip set well on its way it will not be to difficult to enable the other styles of truss hip sets. The only one that is significantly different is the terminal hip set and the dutch hip set but even those will fall into place relatively easily.
Once I get all of the hip sets configured I'm half tempted to bump my price another $10, would that be too much of a stretch? I'm already at $30 for the plugin and I would like to keep it within reach of even the casual user.
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Version 1.9.2 - 06.24.2017
- Added Stepdown hip set trusses.
- Enabled advanced options for stepdown hip sets.
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Using the stepdown truss set as a primitive it is possible to generate some fairly complex roofs:
In this case I created two hip sets and then tied them together with a valley set. View model here:
https://3dwarehouse.sketchup.com/model/1cd3ccf1-e7f8-492c-b4d0-f12286a6ba8e/Hip-Roof-9
This one way to do it but the more typical way would be to further customize the larger hip set so as to eliminate the valley set entirely.
Interesting how the larger girder truss ties into the smaller girder truss (3 ply). The smaller girder truss would need to be beefed up to handle this point load if there is no bearing wall below, and then the point loads from the posts supporting the girder truss (in wall) would probably need spread footings.
A few seconds to create the basic geometry and then about 10 minutes of trimming (with the trim function) and manual adjustments. I can see that the truncated hip set feature would be nice to have where hip roofs are tying into other roofs, similar to what I have enabled for the gable truss tool.
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In my neck of the woods we don't use valley sets - where one roof covers the main truss set it is usually stick-framed (usually 2x4's and 2x6's) with what we call 'California Fill' that bears on the main set. PM me if you'd like to see a typical detail.
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